A Grotesque Bibliography

Detail from Les Deux Ne Font Qu'un, 1791

[A Work in Progress]

Place of publication is London, unless otherwise stated.

Secondary Works

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Adams, Percy G., Travelers and Travel Liars, 1660-1800 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962).
Altick, Richard D., The Shows of London (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978).
Antal, Friedrich, Hogarth and his Place in European Art (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962).
The Arcimboldo Effect (Thames and Hudson, 1987).
Ashbee, C.R., Caricature (Chapman & Hall: Universal Art Series, 1928).
Atherton, Herbert M., Political Prints in the Age of Hogarth: A Study of the Ideographic Representation of Politics (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1974).
Atkins, G. Douglas, Reading Deconstruction/ Deconstructive Reading (Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, 1983).
Babb, Lawrence, "The Cave of Spleen," Review of English Studies 12 (1936), pp. 165-76.
Babcock, Barbara A., The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978).
Babcock, Barbara A., "The Novel and the Carnival World," Modern Language Notes 89 (1974), pp. 911-37.
Bachelard, Gaston, The Psychoanalysis of Fire (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968).
---, On Poetic Imagination and Reverie, trans. with a Preface and Introduction by Collette Gaudin (Texas: Spring Publications, 1987).
Baldick, Chris, In Frankenstein's Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity and Nineteenth Century Writing (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1987).
Baltrusaitis, Jurgis, Anamorphic Art, trans. W.J. Strachen, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
Banta, M., and C. Hinsley, From Site to Sight (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986).
Barasch, Frances K., The Grotesque: A Study in Meanings (The Hague: Mouton, 1971).
Barber, C.L., Shakespeare's Festive Comedy: A Study of Dramatic Form and its Relation to Social Custom (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1959).
Barolsky, Paul, Infinite Jest: Wit and Humour in Italian Renaissance Art (The University of Missouri Press, 1978).
Barrow, Mark V., "A Brief History of Teratology," in Problems of Birth Defects, ed. T. V. Persaud (Baltimore, University Park Press, 1977), 18-28.
Beaumont, Cyril, The History of Harlequin, (New York: B. Blom, 1967).
Bell, Ian A., Literature and Crime in Augustan England (Routledge, 1991).
Bellamy, Liz, Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992).
Berlin, Brent, "Speculations on the growth of ethnobotanical nomenclature", Language and Society 1 (1972), pp. 51-86.
Bogdan, Robert, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
Boehn, Max Von, Puppets and Automata, trans. Josephine Nicoll, (New York: Dover, 1972).
Bosmajian, Hamida, "The Nature and Function of the Grotesque Image in Eighteenth Century English Literature," (Unpub. Ph.D thesis, University of Connecticut, 1968).
Bourdieu, Pierre, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. R. Nice (Cambridge University Press, 1977).
Bowie, Malcolm, Lacan (Fontana Modern Masters, 1991).
Boyne, Roy, Foucault and Derrida: The Other Side of Reason (Unwin Hyman, 1990).
Broberg, Gunnar, "The Broken Circle" in The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century ed. Tore Frangsmyr, J. L. Heilbron, and Robin E. Rider (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 45-71.
Bray, Alan, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, (Gay Men's Press, 1982).
Brooks-Davies, Douglas, Pope's Dunciad and the Queen of the Night (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985)
---, The Mercurial Monarch: Magical Politics from Spenser to Pope (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983).
Brower, Reuben A., Alexander Pope: The Poetry of Allusion (Oxford, 1959).
Byrd, Max, "Pope and Metamorphosis: Three Notes." Modern Philology 85 (1988), pp. 447-59.
Caillois, Roger, Man, Play and Games, trans. Meyer Barash (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1958; 1961).
Campbell, Mary Bane, The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-600 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).
Carroll, William C., The Metamorphoses of Shakespearian Comedy (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1985).
---, Visits to Bedlam: Madness and Literature in the Eighteenth Century (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1974).
Castle, Terry, Masquerade and Civilization: The Carnivalesque in Eighteenth Century Culture and Fiction (Methuen, 1986).
Caygill, Howard, The Art of Judgement (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989).
Chesley, Brent Douglas, The Faces of Harlequin in Eighteenth Century English Pantomime, (Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Notre Dame, 1986).
Cirillo, A.R., "The Fair Hermaphrodite: Love Union in the poetry of Donne and Spenser," Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 9 (1969), pp. 81-95.
Clifford, Gay, The Transformation of Allegory (Roultedge and Kegan Paul, 1974).
Clayborough, Arthur, The Grotesque in English Literature (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1965).
Colie, Rosalie L., Paradoxica Epidemica: The Renaissance tradition of Paradox (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1966).
Corliss, William R., Biol Anomalies (Sourcebook Project, 1992).
Davidson, Arnold, I., "The Horror of Monsters," in The Boundaries of Humanity: Humans, Animals, Machines, ed. James J. Sheehan and Morton Sosna (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Debord, G., The Society of the Spectacle (Detroit: Black and Red, 1973).
De Porte, Michael V., Nightmares and Hobby-Horses; Swift Sterne and Augustan ideas of Madness, (San Marino: University of California Press, 1974).
Derrida, Jacques, Writing and Difference trans. Alan Bass, (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978).
---,Margins of Philosophy trans Alan Bass (Brighton: Harvester, 1982).
Dewhurst, Christopher J., and Ronald R. Gordon, The Intersexual Disorders (London: Baillieire Tindall/ Cassell, 1969).
Dix, Robin, "Addison and the Concept of Novelty' as a basic aesthetic Category" British Journal of Aesthetics 26 (1986) pp. 383-9.
Dollimore, Jonathan, Sexual Dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
Dollimore, Jonathan and Alan Sinfield, Radical Shakespeare (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986).
Donley, Carol C. and Sheryl Buckley (eds) The Tyranny of the Normal (Ken State niversity Press, 1996).
Drimmer, Frederick, Very Special People (New York: Amjon, 1983).
Ducornet, Rikki, The Monstrous and the Marvelous (San Francisco: City Lights, 1999).
Dudley, Edward and Maximilian E. Novak, The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972).
Due, O.S., Changing Forms: Studies in the Metamorphoses of Ovid (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1974).
Dunn, John, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
Durant, A., A Pictorial History of the American Circus (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1957)
Edwards, Thomas Robert Jr., This Dark Estate (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963).
---,"Pope's Versions of Nature: The Progression from 'Neo-Classical' to Grotesque Poetic Style," (Unpub. Ph.D thesis, Harvard University, 1956).
Elledge, Scott, ed., Eighteenth Century Critical Essays, 2 vols. (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1961).
Elliott, Robert C., The Power of Satire: Magic, Ritual, and Art (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1960).
Erickson, Robert A., Mother Midnight: Birth, Sex, and Fate in the Eighteenth Century (Defoe, Richardson, Sterne) (New York: AMS Press, 1986),
Fairer, David, Pope's Imagination (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984).
---, ed., Pope, New Voices (Havester Wheatsheaf, 1990).
Farnham, Willard, The Shakespearian Grotesque (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1971).
Feaver, W., and Gould, A., Masters of Caricature (New York: Knopf, 1981).
Fiedler, Leslie, Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981).
Fingesten, Peter, "Delimitating the concept of the Grotesque," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 42 (1984), pp. 419-26.
Flynn, Carol Houlihan, The Body in Swift and Defoe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Studies in Eighteenth Century English Literature and Thought, 1990).
Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things (Les mots et les choses: une archeologie des sciences humaines), trans A. Sheridan (New York: Random House, 1970).
---, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (Folie et deraison: Histoire de la folie a l'age classique), trans. Richard Howard (Tavistock Publications, 1971).
---,The Birth of the Clinic (Naissance de la clinique: un archeologie du regard medical), trans. A. Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1973).
---,The History of Sexuality: Volume 1: An Introduction (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981).
---,The History of Sexuality: Volume 2: The Use of Pleasure (Harmondsworth: Viking, 1986).
---,,The History of Sexuality: Volume 3: The Care of the Self (Harmondsworth: Viking, 1990).
Fox, Christopher, Locke and the Scriblerians: Identity and Consciousness in Early Eighteenth-Century Britain (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988).
Frangsmyr, Tore, J. L. Heilbron, and Robin E. Rider, eds., The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).
Freud, Sigmund, Introductory Lecture on Psychoanalysis (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974).
Friedman, John Block, The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981).
Frye, Northrop, "The Nature of Satire", University of Toronto Quarterly 14 (1944), pp. 75-89.
---,The Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957).
Furth, Montgomery, Substance, Form and Psyche: an Aristotelian Metaphysics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
Garland, Robert, The Eye of the Beholder: Deformity and Disability in the Graeco-Roman World (Cornell University Press, 1995).
Gearhart, Suzanne, The Open Boundary of History and Fiction, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984).
George, M. Dorothy, Hogarth to Cruickshank: Social Change in Graphic Satire (Allen Lane, 1967).
---,English Political Caricature: A Study of Opinion and Propaganda, 2 vols. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1959).
George, M. Dorothy and F. G. Stevens, Catalogue of Prints in the British Museum. Division I: Political and Personal Satires, 4 vols. (1870-3).
Glass, B., O. Temkin, W.L Straus, eds., Forerunners of Darwin, 1745-1859 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959).
Glenister, T.W., "Fantasies, Facts and Foetuses: The Interplay of Fantasy and Reason in Teratology," Medical History 8 (1964) 15-30.
Goffman, E., Stigma (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1963).
---, Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959).
Goldsmid, Edmund, ed. Un-Natural History, or Myths of Ancient Science, 4 vols (Edinburgh, 1886).
Gombrich, E..H., Norm and Form: Studies in Art of the Renaissance (Oxford: Phaidon, 1985).
---, Meditations upon a Hobby Horse and other Essays on the Theory of Art (Phaidon Press, 1965).
---,Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation (Phaidon Press, 1960).
---,and F. Kris, Caricature (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1940).
Gould, George, M., Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1897).
Gove, Philip B., The Imaginary Voyage in Prose Fiction: A History of its Criticism and a Guide for its Study, with an Annotated Checklist of 215 Imaginary Voyages from 1700 to 1800 (New York: Columbia University Press).
Graham, Peter W. with Fritz H. Oehlschlaeger, Articulating the Elephant Man: Joseph Merrick and His Interpreters (Parallax: Revisions of Culture and Society Series, Johns Hopkins University Presss, 1992).
Gravil, Richard, ed., Swift, Gulliver's Travels: A Casebook (Macmillan, 1974).
Greenblatt, Stephen, "Learning to curse: Aspects of linguistic colonialism in the seventeenth century," in First Images of America, 2 vols, ed. F. Chiappelli, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976), vol. 1, pp. 561-80.
Stephen Greenblatt, "Invisible Bullets: Renaissance Authority and Its Subversion," Glyph 8 (1981), pp. 40-61.
Greene, John C., The Death of Adam: Evolution and its Impact on Western Thought (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1959).
Gubar, Susan, "The Female Monster in Augustan Satire," Signs 3 (1977), pp. 380-94.
Guiccardi, Jean-Pierre, "Hermaphrodite et le proletaire," Dix-Huitieme Siecle XII (1980), pp. 49-79.
Gutting, Gary, Michel Foucault's Archaeology of Scientific Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Hagstrum, Jean H., Sex and Sensibility: Ideal and Erotic Love from Milton to Mozart (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
---, Eros and Vision: The Restoration to Romanticism (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1989).
---, "Dryden's Grotesques: An Aspect of the Baroque in his Art and Criticism," in Writers and their Background: John Dryden, ed. Earl Miner (G. Bell and Sons, 1972), pp. 90-119.
Halberstam, Judith, Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995).
Halttunen, Karen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study in Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-70 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
Hammond, Brean, Pope: New Readings (Harvester, 1986).
Hammond, Paul, John Oldham and the Renewal of Classical Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Hansen, William, Phlegon of Tralles’ Book of Marvels (Exeter Studies in History).
Harpham, On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982).
Harris, Humbug: The Art of P. T. Barnum (Boston: Little Brown, 1973).
Hervey, David, The Creatures That Time Forgot: Photography and Disability Imagery (New York: Routledge, 1992).
Hirst, B.C., and G. A. Peirson, Human Monstrosities (Philadelphia: Lea Brothers, 1893).
Holden, Lynn, A., Forms of Deformity (Sheffield Academic Press, 1991).
Hjort, Mette, ed. Rules and Conventions (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
Holt, Elizabeth G., A Documentary History of Art, 2 vols. (New York: Garden City: Doubleday 1957-8).
Huizinga, Johan, Homo-Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Proeve eener bepaling van het spelelement der cultur) trans. R.F.C. Hull (Haarlem, 1938; Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1949).
Hulme, Peter, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Carribean 1492-1797 (Methuen, 1986).
Hunter, J. Paul, Before Novels: The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth Century English Fiction (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1990).
Impey, Oliver and Arthur MacGregor, eds., The Origins of Museums (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985).
Jay, Ricky, Learned Pigs and Fireproof Women (New York, Villard, 1986).
Jefferson, D.W., "Swift and the Tradition of Wit," in The New Pelican Guide to English Literature: 4. From Dryden to Johnson, ed. Boris Ford (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982), pp. 195-213.
Jennings, Lee Byron, The Ludicrous Demon (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).
Jones, Howard W., and William W. Scott, Hermaphrodites, Genital Anomalies and Related Endocrine Disorders (Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins, 1971).
Jones, William Powell, The Rhetoric of Science: A Study of Scientific Ideas and Imagery in Eighteenth Century English Poetry (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966).
Josso, Nathalie, ed. The Intersex Child (Basel: S. Karger, 1981).
Jung, Karl, Mysterium Coniunctionis: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy (1955-6), trans. R.F.C. Hull (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963)
---, Psychology and Alchemy (1944), trans. R.F.C. Hull (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953).
---, Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self (1951), trans. R.F.C. Hull (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2nd Ed., 1968).
---, Symbols of Transformation: An Analysis of the Prelude to a Case of Schizophrenia (1952), trans. R.F.C. Hull (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956).
Karp, I., and S. Lavine, Exhibiting Cultures (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press, 1991).
Kayser, Wolfgang, The Grotesque in art and Literature, trans. Ulrich Weisstein (Bloomington: University of Indiana, 1963).
Kemp, Martin, Leonardo da Vinci: The Mavellous Works of Nature and Man (J.M. Dent, 1981).
Kenny, Shirley Strum, British Theatre and Other Arts 1660-1800 (Washington: Folger, Associated University Press, 1984)
King, James; Lynn, Bernadette, "The Metamorphoses in English eighteenth century mythological handbooks and translations with an exemplum, Pope's The Rape of the Lock." Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 185 (1980), pp. 131-179.
Klingender, Francis Donald, Hogarth and English Caricature (New York: Transatlantic Arts, 1944).
Knight D.M., Ordering the World: A History of Classifying Man (Burnett Books, in association with Andre Deutsch, 1981).
Knight, G. Wilson, The Wheel of Fire (Methuen, 1949).
Korshin, J., Typologies in England 1650-1820 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982).
Kott, Jan, Shakespeare our Contemporary, trans. Boleslaw Taborski, preface by Peter Brook (Methuen, 1967).
Larson, James, Reason and Experience: the Representation of the Natural Order in the Work of Carl von Linne (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971).
Leitch, Vincent B., Deconstructive Criticism: An Advanced Introduction (Hutchinson, 1983).
Levine, James M., The Battle of the Books (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
Lichtenstein, Heinz, "Identity and Sexuality: A Study of their Relationship in Man," JAPA 9 (1961), pp. 189-232.
Lipking, Lawrence, The Ordering of the Arts in Eighteenth- Century England (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1970).
Lynch, Bohun, A History of Caricature (Faber and Gwyer, 1926).
Louis, Frances Deutsch, Swift's Anatomy of Misunderstanding: A Study of Swift's Epistemological Imagination (George Prior, 1981).
Lovejoy, Arthur O., The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936).
---,Essays in the History of Ideas (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961).
Maccubbin, Robert Purks, 'Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorised Sexuality during the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
Mack, Maynard, "The Shadowy Cave: Some Speculations on a Twickenham Grotto," in Restoration and Eighteenth Century Literature: Essays in honor of Alan Dugald McKillop, ed. Carroll Camden (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1963), pp. 69-88.
---, The Garden and the City: Retirement and Politics in the Later Poetry of Pope 1731-43 (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Buffalo Press, 1969).
Malefijt, Annemarie de Waal, "Homo Monstrosus," Scientific American 219 (1968), pp. 113-18.
Man, Paul de, "The Epistemology of Metaphor," Critical Enquiry 5 (1978), pp. 16-22.
Manley, Lawrence, Convention 1500-1750 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980).
Mannix, Daniel P. Freaks: We Who Are Not as Others (San Francisco: Re/Search Publications, 1990; Juno Books 1998).
McKeon, Michael, The Origins of the English Novel (London: Century Hutchinson Ltd, Radius Books; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).
McKeown, Simon, Monstrous Births (Indelible Inc, 1991).
McKennon, J., A Pictorial History of the American Carnival. (Sarasota, Fla.: Carnival Publishers, 1980).
McNamara. Brooks, " ‘A Congress of Wonders’: The Rise and Fall of the Dime Museum," Emerson Society Quarterly 20, no. 3 (1974): 216-32.
McNeil, David, The Grotesque Depiction of War and the Military in Eighteenth Century Fiction (University of Delaware Press, 1990).
Meindl, Dieter, American Fiction and the Metaphysics of the Grotesque (University of Missouri Press, 1996).
Mitchell, Michael, Monsters of the Gilded Age: The Photographs of Charles Eisenmann (Toronto: Gage, 1979).
Money, John, Sex Errors of the Body: Dilemmas, Education, Counselling (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968).
Morley, Henry, Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair (Chapman and Hall, 1859).
Nicoll, Allardyce, Masks, Mimes and Miracles: Studies in the Popular Theatre (New York, Cooper Square Publishers, 1963).
---,The World of Harlequin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963).
Nicholson M.H., and Rosseau, G.S., This Long Disease my Life: Alexander Pope and the Sciences (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1968).
Niklaus, Thelma, Harlequin Phoenix: or the Rise and Fall of a Bergamask Rogue (Bodley Head, 1956).
Nishimura, Hideo, and James R. Miller Methods for Teratological Studies in Experimental Animals and Man (London: Pitman, 1969).
Nokes, David, Jonathan Swift: A Hypocrite Reversed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
Norton, Rictor, Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England 1700-1830 (The Gay Men's Press, 1992).
Oppenheimer, Paul, Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behaviour (New york University Press, 1999).
Park, Katharine and Daston, Lorraine J., "Unnatural Conceptions: The Study of Monsters in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century France and England," Past and Present 92 (1981), pp. 20-54.
Parton, J., Caricature and other comic art (London, 1877).
Pollak, Ellen, Poetics of Sexual Myth: Gender and Ideology in the Verse of Swift and Pope (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
Paulson, Ronald, Hogarth's Graphic Works (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970).
---, Hogarth: His Life, Art and Times, 2 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970).
---, Emblem and Expression: Meaning in English Art in the Eighteenth Century (Thames and Hudson, 1975).
---, Popular and Polite Art in the Age of Hogarth (Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979).
---, Representations of Revolution 1789-1820 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983).
---, Breaking and Remaking: Aesthetic Practice in England 1700-1820 (New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989).
---, Hogarth: The Modern Moral Subject 1697-1732, vol 1 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992).
---, Hogarth: High Art and Low 1732-1750, vol. 2 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992).
Praz, Mario, An Illustrated History of Interior Decoration from Pompei to Art Nouveau, trans. William Weaver (Thames and Hudson, 1964).
Purcell, Rosamond Wolff, Special Cases: Natural Anomalies and Historical Monsters (Chronicle Books, 1998).
Quilligan, Maureen, The Language of Allegory: Defining the Genre (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979).
Randall, Lilian, M.C., Images in the Margins of Gothic Manuscripts (Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, Californian Studies in the History of Art, 4, 1966).
Raven, Charles E., John Ray, Naturalist (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1942).
Rembert, James, A. W., Swift and the Dialectical Tradition, (Macmillan, 1988).
Richetti, John, Philosophical Writing: Locke, Berkeley, Hume (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983).
Rogers, Pat, Literature and Popular Culture in Eighteenth Century England (Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1985).
---, Grub Street: Studies in a Subculture (Methuen, 1972).
---, Eighteenth Century Encounters: Studies in Literature and Society in the Age of Walpole (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1985).
Rose, Mark, "Sidney's Womanish Man," Review of English Studies 15 (1964), pp. 353-63.
Roth, H., and R. Cromie, The Little People (New York: Everest House, 1980).
Rothman, David, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little Brown, 1971).
Rousseau, G.S., Tobias Smollet: Essays of Two Decades (Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd, 1982).
---, Perilous Enlightenment, 3 vols. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991).
Rousseau, G.S., and Roy Porter, Sexual Underworlds of the Enlightenment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987).
Rousseau, G.S., and Roy Porter, The Ferment of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
Sachs, Arieh, The English Grotesque (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1969).
Sallis, John, Spacing - of Reason and Imagination in texts of Kant, Fichte, Hegel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
Saxon, A. H., P. T. Barnum: The Legend and the Man (New York: New York University Press, 1989).
Sedgwick, Eve, Kosofsky, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).
Sherbo, Arthur, "Swift and Travel Literature", Modern Language Studies 9 (1979), pp. 114-27.
Seligman, S.A., "Mary Toft - The Rabbit Breeder", Medical History 5 (1961), pp. 349-60.
Seltzer, Mark, Bodies and Machines (New York: Routledge, 1992).
Skulsky, Harold, Metamorphosis: the Mind in Exile (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981).
Slaughter, M.M., Universal Languages and Scientific Taxonomy in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Sloan, Philip R., "John Locke, John Ray and the Problem of Natural Systems," Journal of the History of Biology 5 (1972), pp. 1-53.
Smith, David W., Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1976).
Snodgrass, Chris, Aubrey Beardsley, Dandy of the Grotesque (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Spacks, Patricia Meyer, The Insistence of Horror: Aspects of the Supernatural in Eighteenth Century Poetry (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967).
Spingarn, J.E., ed. Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1908; Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1968).
Stafford, Barbara Maria, Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1991).
Stallybrass, Peter, and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (Methuen, 1986).
Staves, Susan, "A Few Kind Words for the Fop," Studies in English Literature 22 (1982), pp. 413-28.
Stearn, William T., "John Wilkins, John Ray and Carl Linnaeus," Royal Society of London, Notes and Records 402 (1986), pp. 101-23.
Stevenson, Roger E., Judith G. Hall and Richard M. Goodman (eds), Human Malformation and Related Anomalies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Stewart, Susan, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Ubiversity Press, 1984).
Storey, Robert F., Pierrot: A Critical History of a Mask (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978).
Straub, Kristina, Sexual Suspects: Eighteenth Century Players and Sexual Ideology (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982).
Tanner, Tony, "Reason and the Grotesque: Pope's Dunciad," Critical Quarterly 7 (1965), pp. 145-60.
Taylor, Aline Mackenzie, "Sights and Monsters and Gulliver's Voyage to Brobdingnag," Tulane Studies in English 7 (1957), pp. 28-82.
Thomas, Keith, Man and the Natural World (New York: Pantheon, 1983).
Thompson, Charles J. S., The Mystery and Lore of Monsters - with accounts of some Giants, Dwarfs and Prodigies (Williams and Norgate, 1930).
Thompson, E.P., Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (New York: Pantheon Books, 1975).
Thomson, Philip, The Grotesque (Methuen, The Critical Idiom Series, 1972).
Thomson, Rosemarie Garland, Freakery: Cultural Spectacle of the Extraordinary Body (New York and London: New York University Press, 1996).
Troyer, H.W., Ned Ward of Grubstreet: a Study of Sub-Literary London in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, Massachusetts: University of Harvard Press, 1946).
Twitchell, James, B., Carnival Culture: The Trashing of Taste in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
Varey, Simon, Space and the Eighteenth Century English Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Wardroper, John, Kings, Lords and Wicked Libellers: Satire and Protest 1760-1837 (John Murray: History Book Club, 1973).
Warkany, Josef, "Congenital Malformations in the Past," in Problems of Birth Defects, ed. T. V. Persaud (Baltimore, University Park Press, 1977), 5-17.
Wasserman, George, "Carnival in Hudibras," English Literary History 51 (1988), pp. 79-97.
Wagner, Peter, Eros Revived: Erotica of the Enlightenment in England and America (Grafton, 1990).
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Dickens, Disability, Cricket

PURSUIT OF CRICKET UNDER DIFFICULTIES.

by Charles Dickens

[Full text with supplementary images]

I KNOW that we English are an angular and eccentric people—a people that the great flatiron of civilisation will take a long time smoothing all the puckers and wrinkles out of— but I was scarcely prepared for the following announcement that I saw the other day in a tobacconist's window near the Elephant and Castle:

On Saturday,

A Cricket Match will be played at the Rosemary Branch,

Peckham Rye,

between

Eleven One-armed Men and Eleven One-legged

Men.

The Match to begin at Eleven o'Clock A.M.

Well, I have heard of eccentric things in my time, thought I, but I think this beats them all. I know we are a robust muscular people, who require vigorous exercise, so that we would rather be fighting than doing nothing. Our youth walk, run, shoot, fish, hunt (break their necks, even, in pursuit of health), tramp the world over, and leave their footprints in Arctic snows and Arabian sands. It is to this outward working of the inner fire that we owe our great circum-navigators, travellers, soldiers, and discoverers. Our English arms have built up half the railways in the world; our emigrants are on every sea; we are the harmless Norsemen of the nineteenth century. We can do (some of us) without working our brains much, but we Saxons must all exert our limbs; we pine if we are pent up at desks and ledgers. We are a race of walkers, sportsmen, travellers, and craftsmen. We are (by our arts and colonising) the peaceful conquerors of the world. The days of the old red-handed conquest being now (as it is generally thought) gone by for ever, here these one-armed men go and caricature the national tendencies.

Such were my patriotic thoughts when I trudged down the Old Kent Road — chiefly remarkable, since the old coaching days, as the former residence of Mr. Greenacre—and made my devious way to Peckham. Under swinging golden hams, golden gridirons, swaying concertinas (marked at a very low figure), past bundles of rusty fire-irons, dirty rolls of carpets, and corpulent dusty feather-beds—past deserted-looking horse-troughs and suburban looking inns, I took my pilgrim way to the not very blooming Rye of Peckham.

Rows of brick boxes, called streets, half-isolated cottages, clung to by affectionate but dusty vines — eventually a canal, where boatmen smoked and had dreams of coming traffic—a sudden outburst of green fields, that made me think I was looking at streets with green spectacles on—brought me to the trim, neat public house known by the pleasant aromatic name of "The Rosemary Branch."

A trim bar-woman, with, perhaps, rather too demonstrative a photograph brooch, stood in front of a row of glass barrels labelled respectively "Shrub," "Bitters," and "Sampson," the latter, I have no doubt, a very strong beverage indeed. Nor did I fail to observe a portrait of the last winner of the Derby over the fireplace, and a little stuffed terrier pup above the glass door leading into the little parlour, where a very comfortable dinner was smoking.

I procured my ticket, and was shown through a deserted billiard-room, and down a back lane, to the cricket-field. I delivered up the blue slip to a very fat man with a child's voice who sat with an air of suffering at the entrance-wicket, and I was in the eccentric creatures' innocent field of battle.

There they were, the one-legged and the one-armed, encamped like two neighbouring armies.

Two potboys, girdled with tucked-up aprons white as the froth of bitter-beer, hurried past me as if to relieve the thirst of men wounded in war. After them came odd men carrying more benches for spectators of the one-armed men's prowess. The one-armed men were having their innings; the fielding of their one-legged adversaries, I could see in a moment, was something painfully wonderful and ludicrously horrible.

Totally indifferent to the mingled humour and horror of the day were the costermongers, who, grouped near the gate, threw a fair-day show over one section of the field. Those mere boys, with hard-lined pale faces and insinuating curls like large fish-hooks on each temple, were totally absorbed in drawing pence from the people of  Peckham now that the bloom, so long expected, was undoubtedly on the Rye. There, were boys shooting down an enormous tin telescope for nuts; there, were men bowling clumsily at enormous wooden-headed ninepins. But the crown of the amusements was that corduroy-sheathed lad who had, with true Derby-day alacrity, stuck four slender sticks into hampers of matted sand, and on those shivery columns poised hairy cocoa-nuts, gilt pincushions, and wooden boxes meretriciously covered. One, two — whiz — whirl; what beautiful illustrations of the force of gravity did those boxes and pincushions furnish at three throws a penny! With what an air of sagacious and triumphant foresight did the proprietor bundle up the cudgels under his arm and gingerly replace the glittering prizes!

But while I dally here the eccentric game proceeds; so, avoiding the cannon-shot of chance balls, I pass across the field to the little windowed shed where the scorer sits opposite to the signal-post that, with its 4—6—2 in large white figures, marks the progress of the game. Some boys are playing with a bundle of the large tin numerals that lie at the foot of the signboard-post. Inside the outer and open part of the shed sit a row of Peckham quidnuncs deeply interested in the game—a game which, if it were all innings, I hold would be almost perfect, but, as it is, I deem to be, on the whole, rather wearisome. I seated myself on a garden-roller kept to level the grass, and watched the game. A man driving two calves out of the way of the players informed me that the proceeds of the game were for the benefit of a one-armed man who was going in when the next wicket went, down.

The players were not all Peckham men; that one-legged bowler, so deft and ready, I found was a well-known musical barber, a great dancer, and I believe a great fisherman, from a distant part of Essex.

The one-legged men were pretty well with the bat, but they were rather beaten when it came to fielding. There was a horrible Holbeinish fun about the way they stumped, trotted, and jolted after the ball. A converging rank of crutches and wooden legs tore down upon the hall from all sides; while the one-armed men, wagging their hooks and stumps, rushed madly from wicket to wicket, fast for a "oner," faster for "a twoer." A lean, droll, rather drunk fellow, in white trousers, was the wit of the one-leg party. "Peggy" evidently rejoiced in the fact that he was the lamest man in the field, one leg being stiff from the hip downwards, and the wooden prop reaching far above the knee.

He did not treat the game so much as a matter of science as an affair of pure fun — of incongruous drollery, with which seriousness was altogether out of place. If there was a five minutes' lull for beer, when the "over" was shouted, Peggy was sure to devote that interval to dancing a double-shuffle in the refreshment tent, where the plates were now being dealt round ready for some future edible game. When he took his place as slip or long-stop, he ran to his post while others walked; or delighted the boys by assuming an air of the intensest eagerness and watchfulness, putting a hand on either knee and bending forward, as if he had sworn that no ball should escape his vigilance; or when a ball did come, by blocking it with his wooden leg, throwing himself on it, or falling over it: an ineviuble result, indeed, with nearly all the one-legged faction, as the slightest abruptness or jerk in movement had the result of throwing then off the perpendicular. I do not think that Peggy stopped a single ball unless it hit him; he generally fell over it and lost it until some comrade stumped up, swore at him, and picked the ball out from between his feet or under his arm.

The one-armed men had a much less invalid and veteran air about them. There was a  shapely lad in a pink Jersey, who, from having his hand off only at the wrist, merely looked at a distance like a stripling with his hand hidden by a long coat-cuff. But then, again, there was a thickset, sturdy fellow, in a blue cap, of the "one-leg" party, who, though he had lost one foot, seemed to run and walk almost as well as ordinary people. Then, again, on the "one-leg" side, there was an ostentatious amount of infirmity in the shape of one or two pale men with crutches, yet everybody appeared merry and good-natured, and determined to enjoy the game to his heart's content; while every time a player made a run, before the dull beat of the bat had died away, there was a shout that made the Peckham welkin ring again, and all the crutches and wooden legs beat tattoos of pure joy and triumph. And when the musical and Terpsichorean barber rattled the wickets or made the balls fly, did not the very plates in the refreshment tent dance with pleasure!

Yet, really, Peggy's conduct was most reprehensible. In spite of his "greyhound-in-the-leash" attitude, he was worse than useless; he kicked at the passing ball, he talked to it, he tumbled down to stop it, but for all the success he attained, he might as well have been away; why, Wilkins, with the long crutches and swinging legs, was three times as useful, though he was slow. I suppose, what with the beer, the heat of the day, the excess of zeal, and the fatigue, Peggy began at last to be pretty well aware that he was not doing much good, for he took to lying a good deal on his back, and to addressing the boys, who buzzed round him like flies, on the necessity of keeping a steady "lookout" at cricket. I do not know what Peggy had been, but he looked like a waterman.

Now, a lad who lost his leg when a baby, as a bystander told me, took up the bat and went in with calm self-reliance, and the game went forward with the usual concomitants. Now come the tips, the misses, the by-balls, the leg hits, the swinging blows that intend so much and do nothing the echoing swashing cuts, the lost balls, the stumpings-out, the blocks, the slow treacherous balls, and the spinning, bruising roundhanders; not that our friends of the one leg and one arm swaddled themselves up in any timid paddings or bandages; they put on no india-rubber tubed gloves, no shelter-knuckles, they don no fluted leggings. What is a blow on the knuckles to a man who has lost a leg or an arm, who has felt the surgeon's saw and the keen double-edged knife? Yet all this time there was rather a ghastly reminder of suffering about the whole affair, to my mind. I could fancy the game played by out-patients in some outlying field of Guy's Hospital. I could believe it a party of convalescents in some field outside Sebastopol. Well, I suppose the fact is, that men don't think much of misfortunes when they are once irretrievable, and that these men felt a pleasure in doing an eccentric thing, in showing how bravely and easily they could overcome an infirmity that to some men appears terrible. After all, one thinks, after seeing such a game, one-legged and one-armed men are not so miserable as people imagine. Nature is kind to us in her compensations.

And all this time my eye was perpetually wandering to that blue bulbing dome and the two little pinnacles, that, though from here no larger than a chimney-piece ornament, is, I have reason to believe, Saint Paul's, some five miles distant as the crow flies. How delicate and clean cut its opaque sapphire—how pleasantly it crowns the horizon! That view of Saint Paul's from the Peckham meadows I can strongly recommend to landscape painters as one of the best, because one of the nearest, suburban views of Saint Paul's. I know it, a little blue mushroom button from Banstead Downs, just cropping up above the grey rim of the horizon, where the dark brown cloud ever lingers to mark out London; I know it, a great palace of air from all the winding reaches of the Thames, but I think I never saw it before so beautiful, so unreal, so visionary, so sublime. It seemed more the presiding'genius of the busy, turbulent, uneasy city. I felt quite a love for the old blue monster; the sight of him moved me as the sight of a great army moves me, or as the sight of a fleet beating out to sea, with their white wings set all one way.

And now looking again to the game—the excitement has become tremendous. A man with crutches is in; he props himself artfully up, while he strikes the ball feebly and with lacklustre stroke. A one-armed man with a wavering sleeve, bowls with his left hand, and makes a complicated business of it: the ball moving in a most eccentric orbit. At the opposite wicket Peggy is enthroned: his attitude is a study for Raphael—intense watchfulness, restless ambition, fond love of glory slightly dashed with inebriation, slightly marred by intoxication, visible in every motion. Alas! the first, fell ball comes and damages his wicket. His perfect disbelief in the reality of such a catastrophe is sublime—it typifies the dogged constancy of a nation that never knows when it is beaten.

The one-arms are rudely exulting as Peggy stumps off, not that he ever made a run, but that the look of the man was so imposing. The one-legs droop, the one-arms throw up their caps, or dance "breakdowns," to give vent to their extreme joy. The outlying one-arms skip and trip, the one-legs put their heads together and mutter detracting observations on the one-armed bowling. "There was no knowing what to make of them balls;" "There was no telling where to have them balls;" "They were a spiteful lot, the one-arms, so cheeky, so braggy;" "But the one-legs knew what's what, and they are going to do the trick yet."

Now the clatter of knives and forks and plates in the refreshment tent grew perfectly alarming; it was like a sale in a china-shop. The players, heedless of such poor sublunary things as boiled beef and greens and the smoke of flowery potatoes, played more like madmen than sober rational cricketers. St. Paul's danced before my eyes as if I was playing cup and ball with it, so dazzled did I get with the flying red ball. The leaping catches were wonderful, the leg-hits admirable, the bowling geometrically wonderful, the tips singularly beautiful; the ball smashed at the palings, dashed into thorn bushes, lost itself, broke plates in the refreshment tent, nearly stunned the scorer, knocked down a boy, flew up in the air like a mad thing. As for Peggy's balustrade leg, had he not occasionally screwed it off to cool himself, it would have been shivered into a thousand pieces. You would have thought, indeed, that the bowler mistook his unfortunate "stick leg" for the wicket, he let fly at it so often and so perversely. But in vain all skill and energy; the one-legs could not get at the ball quick enough, their fielding was not first-rate, the one-arms made a gigantic effort, forged fourteen runs ahead, and won. Peggy performed a pas seul expressive of hopeless despair, and stumped off for a pot of stout.

SOURCE:

All the Year Round (October 5, 1861), pp. 33-36

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